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HSC English First Paper English For Today - Unit 9 Lesson 2 Adolescence

 HSC English First Paper English For Today - Unit 9 Lesson 2 Adolescence

Adolescence and some (Related) problems in Bangladesh

When a girl gets married, she usually drops out of school and begins full-time work in her in-laws household. In the in-laws' house, she is marginalized. She becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence. In Bangladesh, it is still common for a bride's family to pay dowry, despite the practice being illegal. Dowry demands can also continue after the wedding For an adolescent bride, even if her in-laws are supportive, there are significant health risks in terms of pregnancy and child birth. The majority of adolescent brides and their families are uninformed or insufficiently informed about reproductive health and contraception. The maternal mortality rate for adolescents is double the national rate.

When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anaemia. Adolescent fertility is also high in Bangladesh. The contribution of the adolescent fertility rate to the total fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers.

While the situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better, many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives. Many boys who are unable to go to school, or are unemployed, remain unaware of social or health issues. They are åt considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities. They are also more likely to get exposed to drugs and alcohol.

Answer the following questions,  

(1) What results out because of the lack of health issues?  

Answer. The lack of health issues results out in the undernourishment of more than 50% adolescent girls. Also, many of them remain unaware of deadly diseases like HIV. 

(2) Why is the maternal mortality rate for adolescents is high?  

Answer. The maternal mortality rate for adolescents is high because majority of adolescent brides and their families are barely informed about reproductive health and contraception.  

(3) What seizes economic and educational opportunities of adolescent giris? 

Answer. Marriage at an early age seizes economic and educational opportunities of adolescent girls. They lose mobility and get detached from their friends and social status. 

(4) What is a common concern for both adolescent boys and girls?  

Answer. Remaining unaware of health issues is a common concern for both adolescent boys and girls.  

(5) Why does an adolescent girl become marginalized in her in-laws' house? 

Answer. An adolescent girl becomes marginalized in her in-laws' house for a number of reasons. Getting married at an early age, she loses her mobility. She cannot avail any economic scopes. Being at the mercy of her in-laws, she becomes marginalized.  

(6) What happens when an adolescent girl gets married?  

Answer. When an adolescent girl gets married, she usually drops out of school and begins full-time work in her in-laws' household. In the in-laws' house, she is marginalized. She becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry- related violence.  

(7) What happens to adolescent girls when they are pulled out of school? 

Answer. When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among them also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues.  

(8) What do you know about dowry in Bangladesh?  

Answer. Dowry is a transfer of parental property at the marriage of a daughter. It is an ancient custom. But now the practice of paying dowry is considered illegal in Bangladesh. But it is still common for a bride's family to pay dowry. Dowry demands can also continue after the wedding.  

(9) What is the situation of adolescent boys?  

Answer. The situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better though many of them are vulnerable. They lack the power to make decisions about their own lives. Many boys who are unable to go to school, or are unemployed, remain unaware of social or health issues. They are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities and are more likely to get exposed to drugs and alcohol. 

(10) What are the health risks for an adolescent bride?

Answer. Sometimes in-laws are supportive. In spite of this support, there are significant health risks for an adolescent bride in terms of pregnancy and child birth. 

বাংলাদেশী কিশোরদের কিছু কৈশোর সম্পর্কিত সমস্যা

যখন একটি মেয়ের বিয়ে হয় তখন সে স্কুল ছেড়ে দেয় এবং তার শ্বশুরবাড়িতে পুরো সময় ধরে কাজ করা শুরু করে। তার শ্বশুরবাড়িতে তাকে অগ্রাহ্য করা হয়। সে যৌতুক সংক্রান্ত সহিংসতাসহ সব ধরনের নির্যাতনের ক্ষেত্রে অরক্ষিত হয়ে পড়ে। বাংলাদেশে কনের পরিবার যে যৌতুক দিতে বাধ্য হয় তা এখনও সাধারণ একটি বিষয় যদিও এটি অবৈধ। যৌতুকের দাবি বিবাহের পরও অব্যাহত থাকতে পারে। একজন কিশোরী বধূর জন্য গর্ভাবস্থা এবং সন্তান প্রসব নিয়ে অধিক স্বাস্থ্য ঝুঁকি আছে এমনকি তার শ্বশুর-শাশুড়ি সহায়ক হলেও। বেশিরভাগ কিশোরী বধূ ও তাদের পরিবার প্রজনন স্বাস্থ্য ও গর্ভনিরোধ সম্পর্কে অজ্ঞ বা অপর্যাপ্ত জ্ঞানের অধিকারী। কিশোরীদের ক্ষেত্রে মাতৃমৃত্যুর হার জাতীয় হারের তুলনায় দ্বিগুণ।

কিশোরীদের যখন বিবাহ বা কাজের জন্য স্কুলে যাওয়া বন্ধ করে দেওয়া হয়, তারা প্রায়ই তাদের গতিশীলতা, তাদের বন্ধু এবং সামাজিক অবস্থান হারান। কিশোরী মেয়েদের মধ্যে গতিশীলতার অভাব তাদের অর্থনৈতিক ও উপানুষ্ঠানিক শিক্ষার সুযোগ সঙ্কুচিত করে দেয় । তাছাড়া তারা স্বাস্থ্য সমস্যা সম্পর্কে তথ্য অভাব বোধ করে। একটি সমীক্ষা অনুযায়ী, প্রতি পাঁচজন কিশোরীদের মধ্যে মাত্র তিনজন এইচ আই ভি সম্পর্কে শুনেছেন। এছাড়াও প্রতিবেদনে প্রকাশ করা হয় যে, কিশোরীদের মধ্যে ৫০ শতাংশের অধিক অপুষ্টির শিকার এবং তারা রক্ত স্বল্পতায় ভোগে। কিশোরীদের গর্ভধারণের হারও বাংলাদেশে বেশি। সার্বিক গর্ভধারণের মধ্যে কিশোরী গর্ভধারণের অবদান ১৯৯৩ সালের ২০.৩% থেকে ২০০৭ সালে বেড়ে দাঁড়িয়েছে ২৪.৪% । তাছাড়া, নবজাতক মৃত্যুহার কিশোরী মায়েদের জন্য অন্য একটি উদ্বেগের বিষয়।

কিশোর ছেলেদের জন্য অবস্থা কিছুটা ভালো হলেও তাদের অনেকেই অরক্ষিত এবং তারা তাদের নিজের জীবন সম্পর্কে সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়ার ক্ষেত্রে ক্ষমতাহীন। অনেক ছেলেরা যারা স্কুলে যেতে পারে না অথবা বেকার, তারা সামাজিক বা স্বাস্থ্য সমস্যা বিষয়ে অসচেতন থাকে। তারা অপরাধমূলক কাজে জড়িত হওয়ার যথেষ্ট ঝুঁকিতে থাকে। তাছাড়া মাদকদ্রব্য ও মদ এ আসক্ত হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা বেশি থাকে।


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