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HSC English First Paper English For Today Unit 2 Lesson 3

HSC English First Paper English For Today Unit 2 Lesson 3

Art

Art is generally understood as an expression of human imagination and creative skills in a range of activities including painting, drawing, sculpture and architecture. The aim of art is to evoke feelings and emotions that are considered aesthetic - that is, concerned with beauty but art also can be a form of social commentary. A painting of sunset over the sea glorifies nature, but one that shows a war ravaged town can convey a sense of anguish. Throughout the world people appreciate art for its power to affect them in creative ways. As the famous painter Pablo Picasso said, "the purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls.” Art in our country has a long history. It has been practiced in households in the form of pottery nakshikantha or embroidered quilt, alpana or intricate, mostly floral designs in rice paste done on clay yards and shokher harhi or painted earthen pots (and their lids). These are examples of folk art. But there is another form of art which is called modern art, which owes its origin to the industrial revolution in Western Europe in the middle of 19th century and the changes it brought in technology, education, manufacturing and communication. Modern art rejected traditional art forms and began to create new types of artistic expression using styles, techniques, colours and materials that could adequately reflect the spirit of the time and the profound changes in human thought. The beginning of modern art practices in our country date from 1948, when the great artist Zainul Abedin (1914-1976), with the help of some colleagues set up an institute of art in Dhaka (now the Faculty of Fine Art, University of Dhaka). As it began to offer art education, the institute drew together a number of talented teachers and students who contributed to the development of modern art almost from scratch. But within a decade, artists were reflecting most recent trends and styles in their work - such as expressionism and abstract expressionism - while maintaining a close contact with the traditions of folk art.  Zainul had earned all-India fame for his Famine Sketches, a series of haunting sketches based on the Bengal famine of 1943 which took hundreds of thousands of lives. His watercolors, scroll paintings and drawings inspire our artists even today. The other prominent artists who had major contributions to the spectacular rise of our contemporary art include Qamrul Hassan, SM Sultan, Safiuddin Ahmed, Abdur Razzak, Qayyum Chowdhury, Murtaza Baseer, Aminul Islam, Syed Jahangir, Debdas Chakravarty, Novera Ahmed and Muhammad Kibria. 

The war of liberation and the independence of the country in 1971 inspired our artists to continue the efforts of the earlier artists to explore the limits of art and, create new expressive modes. For the next four decades, art in our country saw many experimentations, Artists dealt with new ideas such as installation art and graphic art; and reshaped older, traditional art forms. If you visit any art gallery or art exhibition, you will find how our art reflects our changing realities in fascinating and insightful ways.

Answer the following questions.  

(1) What is art? 

Answer. Art is generally understood as an expression of human imagination and creative skills in a range of activities including painting, drawing, sculpture and architecture.  

(2) Why do the institutes draw together a number of talented teachers and students?

Answer. The Institutes drew together a number of talented teachers and students who contributed to the development of modern art almost from scratch as it began to offer art education.  

(3) Which artists contribute to the spectacular rise of our contemporary art ?

Answer. The other prominent artists who contribute to the spectacular rise of our contemporary art include Qamrul Hassan, SM Sultan, Safluddin Ahmed, Abdur Razzak. Qayyum Chowdhury, Murtaza Baseer, Aminul Islam, Syed Jahangir. Debdas Chakravarty, Novera Ahmed and Muhammad Kibria.  

(4) What is the aim of art?  

Answer. The aim of art is to evoke feelings and emotions that are considered aesthetic- that is, concerned with beauty- but art also can be a form of social commentary. 

(5) 'Our art has long heritage. Explain it in two /three sentences.

Answer. Art in our country has a long history. It has been practiced in households in the form of pottery, nakshikantha or embroidered quilt, alpana or intricate, mostly floral designs in rice paste done on clay yards and shokher harhi or painted earthen pots.  

(6) Why do the people appreciate art throughout the world?  

Answer. The people appreciate art for its power to affect them in creative ways. Besides a painting of sunset over the sea glorifies nature, but one that shows a war ravaged town can convey a sense of anguish.  

(7) What did the war of liberation and the independence of the country in 1971 inspired our artists.  

Answer. The war of liberation and the independence of the country in 1971 inspired our artists to continue the efforts of the earlier artists to explore the limits of art and create new expressive modes.  

(8) When does the beginning of modern art of our country practise?  

Answer. The beginning of modern art practices in our country date from 1948, when the great artist Zainul Abedin with the help of some colleagues set up an institute of art in Dhaka.  

(9) What did our art see for the next four decades? 

Answer. For the next four decades, art in our country saw many experimentations. Artists dealt with new ideas such as installation art and graphic art; and reshaped older, traditional art forms. If you visit any art gallery or art exhibition, you will find how our art reflects our changing realities in fascinating and insightful ways.

(10) The famous painter Pablo Picasso said, "the purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls." Explain this statement. 

Answer. This statement is true. It is because that art depicts contemporary picture of society and reminds the people the real picture of the society. Then people become aware and come forward to removing the evils from the society to purify their souls.


অনুবাদ : শিল্পকে সাধারণত চিত্রকলা, অঙ্কন, ভাস্কর্য এবং স্থাপত্যসহ বিভিন্ন ক্রিয়াকলাপে মানুষের কল্পনা এবং সৃজনশীল দক্ষতার প্রকাশ হিসাবে বোঝা হয়। শিল্পের লক্ষ্য হল অনুভূতি এবং আবেগকে জাগিয়ে তোলা যা নান্দনিক বলে মনে করা হয় - অর্থাৎ সৌন্দর্যের সাথে সম্পর্কিত - তবে শিল্পও সামাজিক ভাষ্যের একটি রূপ হতে পারে। সমুদ্রের উপর সূর্যাস্তের একটি চিত্রকলা প্রকৃতিকে মহিমান্বিত করে, কিন্তু যেটি একটি যুদ্ধ বিধ্বস্ত শহরকে দেখায় তা যন্ত্রণার অনুভূতি প্রকাশ করতে পারে। সারা বিশ্ব জুড়ে মানুষ শিল্পের প্রশংসা করে যাতে তারা তাদের সৃজনশীল উপায়ে প্রভাবিত করে। বিখ্যাত চিত্রশিল্পী পাবলো পিকাসো যেমন বলেছিলেন, “শিল্পের উদ্দেশ্য হল আমাদের আত্মা থেকে দৈনন্দিন জীবনের ধুলো ধুয়ে ফেলা।”আমাদের দেশে শিল্পকলার একটি দীর্ঘ ইতিহাস রয়েছে। এটি মৃৎপাত্র, নকশিকাঁথা বা এমব্রয়ডারি করা কুইন্ট, আল্পনা বা জটিল আকারে গৃহস্থালিতে প্রচলিত হয়েছে, বেশিরভাগই মাটির পাত্র এবং সখের হাড়ি বা আঁকা মাটির পাত্রে (এবং তাদের ঢাকনা) চালের পেস্টে ফুলের নকশা। এগুলো লোকশিল্পের উদাহরণ। কিন্তু শিল্পের আরও একটি রূপ রয়েছে যাকে আধুনিক শিল্প বলা হয়, যা ১৯ শতকের মাঝামাঝি পশ্চিম ইউরোপে শিল্প বিপ্লব এবং প্রযুক্তি, শিক্ষা, উৎপাদন এবং যোগাযোগের ক্ষেত্রে যে পরিবর্তনগুলি নিয়ে আসে তার উৎসের জন্য দায়ী। আধুনিক শিল্প ঐতিহ্যগত শিল্প ফর্ম প্রত্যাখ্যান করেছে এবং শৈলী, কৌশল, রং এবং উপকরণ ব্যবহার করে নতুন ধরনের শৈল্পিক অভিব্যক্তি তৈরি করতে শুরু করেছে যা পর্যাপ্তভাবে সময়ের চেতনা এবং মানুষের চিন্তাধারার গভীর পরিবর্তনগুলিকে প্রতিফলিত করতে পারে ।আমাদের দেশে আধুনিক শিল্পচর্চার সূচনা ১৯৪৮ সাল থেকে, যখন মহান শিল্পী জয়নুল আবেদিন (১৯১৪-১৯৭৬) কয়েকজন সহকর্মীর সহায়তায় ঢাকায় একটি শিল্পকলা ইনস্টিটিউট স্থাপন করেন (বর্তমানে চারুকলা অনুষদ, ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ।) যখন এটি শিল্প শিক্ষা দেওয়া শুরু করে, ইনস্টিটিউটটি বেশ কিছু প্রতিভাবান শিক্ষক এবং ছাত্রদের একত্রিত করে যারা আধুনিক শিল্পের বিকাশে প্রায় প্রথম থেকেই অবদান রেখেছিল। কিন্তু এক দশকের মধ্যে, শিল্পীরা তাদের কাজে সাম্প্রতিকতম প্রবণতা এবং শৈলীর প্রতিফলন ঘটাচ্ছেন – যেমন অভিব্যক্তিবাদ এবং বিমূর্ত অভিব্যক্তিবাদ - লোকশিল্পের ঐতিহ্যের সাথে ঘনিষ্ঠ যোগাযোগ বজায় রেখে ।জয়নুল তার দুর্ভিক্ষের স্কেচগুলির জন্য সর্বভারতীয় খ্যাতি অর্জন করেছিলেন, ১৯৪৩ সালের বাংলার দুর্ভিক্ষের উপর ভিত্তি করে ভুতুড়ে স্কেচগুলির একটি সিরিজ যা লক্ষ লক্ষ প্রাণ নিয়েছিল । তার জলরঙ, স্ক্রল পেইন্টিং এবং অঙ্কন আজও আমাদের শিল্পীদের অনুপ্রাণিত করে । আমাদের সমসাময়িক শিল্পের দর্শনীয় উত্থানে যে অন্যান্য বিশিষ্ট শিল্পীদের প্রধান অবদান রয়েছে তাদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন কামরুল হাসান, এস এম সুলতান, সফিউদ্দিন আহমেদ, আবদুর রাজ্জাক, কাইয়ুম চৌধুরী, মুর্তজা বাসির, আমিনুল ইসলাম, সৈয়দ জাহাঙ্গীর, দেবদাস চক্রবর্তী, নভেরা আহমেদ এবং মুহাম্মদ কিবরিয়া ।


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