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HSC English First Paper English For Today - Unit 12 Lesson 3 Endangered Species

 HSC English First Paper English For Today - Unit 12 Lesson 3 Endangered Species

Endangered Species

Yuval Noah Harart's Unstoppable Us: How Humans Took Over the World.

One example of modern gatherers is the Nayaka people, who live in the jungles of southern India When a Nayaka comes across a dangerous animal such as a tiger, snake or elephant in the jungle the Nayaka might talk directly to the animal: "You live in the forest, and I live in the forest too. You came here to eat, and I came here to gather roots and tubers. I didn't come to hurt you, so please  don't hurt me."  

A Nayaka was once killed by a male elephant they called 'the elephant who always walks alone People from the Indian government then came to capture the elephant, but the Nayaka refused to help the government officials. They explained that the elephant had a good reason to be violent: he used to have a very close friend, another male elephant, and the two always roamed the forest together. One day, some bad people shot the second elephant and took him away. The elephant who always walks alone had been very lonely ever since and was very angry at humans. "How would you feel if your partner was taken away from you? the Nayaka asked. That's exactly how this elephant felt. The two elephants sometimes went their separate ways at night, but in the morning they always came together again. On that terrible day, the elephant watched his buddy fall to the ground. If two creatures are always together and then you shoot one, how's the other one going to feel?"  

Scientists have invented a special word for people who believe that animals can talk and that there are spirits who live in rocks and rivers: animists. 

Read the passage again and answer the questions: 

(1) Who are the Nayaka people?

Answer. The Nayaka are modern gatherers who live in the jungles of southern India.

(2) How do the Nayaka interact with dangerous animals they encounter in the jungle?

Answer. When the Nayaka encounter a dangerous animal, they speak to it respectfully, explaining they mean no harm.  

(3) What was the story behind the elephant called 'the elephant who always walks alone?

Answer. The 'elephant who always walks alone' was once part of a pair, but became violent after humans shot his close companion.  

(4) Why did the Nayaka refuse to help the government capture the elephant?

Answer. The Nayaka refused to help capture the elephant because they believed his anger was justified due to the loss of his friend.   

(5) What belief system do scientists associate with people like the Nayaka who think animals and nature have spirits?

Answer. Scientists call people who believe animals and nature have spirits: "animists."  

(6) Where do the Nayaka people live? 

Answer. The Nayaka people live in the jungles of southern India.   

(7) How do the Nayaka handle encounters with potentially dangerous animals?

Answer. The Nayaka speak to animals respectfully when encountering them, explaining their intentions and asking not to be harmed.  

(8) What animal did the Nayaka describe as 'the elephant who always walks alone"?

Answer. The elephant who always walks alone' was a male elephant that lost his companion.

(9)  What happened to the elephant who always walks alone' that made him violent?

Answer. The elephant became violent after his friend was shot by humans and taken away.  

(10) Why did the Indian government want to capture the elephant? 

Answer. The Indian government wanted to capture the elephant after he killed a Nayaka person. 

(11) How did the Nayaka explain the elephant's aggressive behavior?  

Answer. The Nayaka explained that the elephant's anger stemmed from the grief of losing his close companion.  

(12) What did the Nayaka say about the relationship between the two elephants?

Answer. The two elephants were inseparable, always coming together each morning after spending the night apart.   

(13) What was the Nayaka's perspective on how the elephant felt after his companion was killed?

Answer. The Nayaka believed the elephant was deeply hurt and lonely, just as a human would feel after losing a partner.  

(14) How did the Nayaka respond to the Indian government officials who wanted to catch the elephant? 

Answer. The Nayaka refused to help capture the elephant, defending his actions as justified.

(15) What term do scientists use to describe people who believe in spirits living in animals and nature?

 Answer. Scientists use the term 'animists' to describe people who believe in spirits living in animals and nature.

বিপন্ন প্রজাতি

ইউভাল নোয়া হারারি'র “অদম্য মানবজাতি: মানুষ কিভাবে পৃথিবীতে সেরা হলো” ।  

আধুনিক সংগ্রাহক সমাজের উদাহরণ হলো নায়াকা জনগণ, যারা ভারতের দক্ষিণাঞ্চলের জঙ্গলে বসবাস করে। যখন কোনো নায়াকা জঙ্গলে বাঘ, সাপ বা হাতির মতো বিপজ্জনক প্রাণীর মুখোমুখি হয়, তখন তারা সরাসরি সেই প্রাণীর সাথে কথা বলে: “তুমি বনে থাক, আমিও বনে থাকি । তুমি এখানে খেতে এসেছ, আমি শিকড় এবং কন্দ সংগ্রহ করতে এসেছি। আমি তোমাকে আঘাত করতে আসিনি, তাই দয়া করে আমাকেও আঘাত কোরো না।”  

একবার একটি 'পুরুষ হাতি, যাকে তারা ‘যে হাতি সবসময় একাই হাঁটে' নামে ডাকত, একজন নায়াকাকে মেরে ফেলে। তারপর ভারতীয় সরকারের লোকেরা এসে সেই হাতিটিকে ধরে নিয়ে যাওয়ার চেষ্টা করে, কিন্তু নায়াকারা তাদের সেই কাজে সাহায্য করতে অস্বীকার করে । তারা বুঝিয়ে বলে যে, হাতির রাগ করার উপযুক্ত কারণ ছিল: আগে সে আরেকজন পুরুষ হাতির ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধু ছিল, এবং তারা সবসময় একসঙ্গে জঙ্গলে ঘুরত। একদিন, কিছু খারাপ লোক দ্বিতীয় হাতিটিকে গুলি করে মেরে তাকে নিয়ে যায় । ‘যে হাতি সবসময় একা হাঁটে' সেই দিন থেকে খুবই নিঃসঙ্গ হয়ে পড়ে এবং মানুষের ওপর ক্ষিপ্ত হয়ে ওঠে।  

নায়াকারা প্রশ্ন করে, 'তোমার সঙ্গীকে যদি কেউ নিয়ে যায়, তুমি কেমন অনুভব করবে?' সেই হাতিও ঠিক তেমনই অনুভব করেছিল । দুই হাতি রাতে মাঝে মাঝে আলাদা পথে যেত, কিন্তু সকালে তারা আবার একত্রিত হতো। সেই ভয়ানক দিনে, হাতিটি তার সঙ্গীকে মাটিতে পড়ে যেতে দেখেছিল । যদি দুটি প্রাণী সবসময় একসঙ্গে থাকে এবং তারপর তুমি একটি প্রাণীকে গুলি করো, তাহলে অন্যটি কেমন অনুভব করবে?'  

বিজ্ঞানীরা এমন লোকদের জন্য একটি বিশেষ শব্দ উদ্ভাবন করেছেন যারা বিশ্বাস করে যে প্রাণীরা কথা বলতে পারে এবং এমন আত্মা আছে যারা পাহাড়ও নদীতে বসবাস করে: এনিমিস্ট।

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