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HSC English First Paper English For Today - Unit 6 Lesson 1 Dreams

HSC English First Paper English For Today - Unit 6 Lesson 1 Dreams

What is a Dream

Dreams have fascinated philosophers for thousands of years, but only recently have dreams been subjected to empirical research and scientific study. Chances are that you've often found yourself puzzling over the content of a dream, or perhaps you've wondered why you dream at all. 

Fust, let's start by answering a basic question: What is a dream? A dream can include any of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. Dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing. 

Why do we dream? What purpose do dreams serve? 

While many theories have been proposed about the reason and function of dreams. nu consensus has emerged. Considering the time we spend in a dreaming state. the fact that researchers do not yet understand the purpose of dreams may seem baffling. However, it is important to consider that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while others believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. 

Next, let's learn more about some of the most prominent dream theories. 

Consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective, Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams are a representation of subconscious desires, thoughts ang motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. While these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), Freud wrote that dreams are “...disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.” 

Freud's theory contributed to the popularity of dream interpretation. Following his paths many theorists came up with their own ideas about dreams. The following are just a few of them:

# Some researchers suggest that dreams are a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. Dreams are not meaningless. Instead, during dreams the cognitive elements in our brain produce new ideas. 

# One theory suggests that dreams are the result of our brains trying to interpret external stimuli during sleep. For example, the sound of the radio may be incorporated into the content of a dream. 

# Another theory uses a computer metaphor to account for dreams. According to this theory, dreams serve to ‘clean up’ clutter from the mind, much like clean-up operations in a computer, refreshing the mind to prepare for the next day. 

# Yet another model proposes that dreams function as a form of psychotherapy. In this theory, the dreamer is able to make connections between different thoughts and emotions in a safe environment.

Answer the following questions.  

(1) "Science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. 

Answer. Yes, I agree with the view that science is still unraveling the exact purpose and function of sleep itself. Recently, dreams have been subjected to empirical research and scientific study and scientists are getting new aspects of dreams.  

 (2) Why do we often find yourself puzzling over the content of a dream? Describe in brief.

Answer. We often find ourselves puzzling over the content of a dream because dreams can be extraordinarily vivid or very vague; filled with joyful emotions or frightening images; focused and understandable or unclear and confusing.

(3) What purpose do dreams serve according to the researchers? 

Answer. According to some researchers, dreams serve no real purpose. Some other researchers believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being.  

(4) Explain to two sentences Explain the theory of dreams by Sigmund Freud in not more than two sentences.

Answer. According to Freud, people are driven by aggressive and sexual instincts that are repressed from conscious awareness. As these thoughts are not consciously expressed, they find their way into our awareness via dreams.  

(5) How did Sigmund Freud define dreams in his famous book "The Interpretation of  Dream? 

Answer. In his famous book The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud defined dreams as 'disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes'.   

(6) What is the basic question mentioned in the second paragraph? Write down the answer of this question.

Answer. The basic question mentioned in the second paragraph is "What is a dream?" The answer of this question is that a dream is a combination of the images, thoughts and emotions that are experienced during sleep. 

(7) Describe the suggestion that we get from the theory of dreams by Sigmund Freud. 

Answer. The suggestion that we get from the theory of dreams by Sigmund Freud is that dreams are a representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations. 

(8) What is Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams consistent with? What does it suggest accordingly? 

Answer. Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams is consistent with the psychoanalytic perspective. Accordingly, it suggests that dreams are à representation of unconscious desires, thoughts and motivations.  

(9) What have the philosophers been fascinated by throughout the years? What is the recent development regarding dreams?

Answer. The philosophers have been fascinated by dreams throughout the years. The recent development regarding dreams is that they have been subjected to empirical research and scientific study.    

(10) Give a definition of dream in your own words. Write your answer in not more than two sentences.

Answer. Dream is one kind of experience in sleep containing images, thoughts and emotions. It may be vivid or vague; pleasing or frightening: understandable or confusing.

(11) Dreams function as a form of psychotherapy. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons for your answer. 

Answer. Yes. I agree with the view that dreams function as a form of psychotherapy. In fact, the dreamer is able to make connections between different thoughts and emotions in a safe environment.

(12) Explain the theory that uses a computer metaphor to account for dreams in two  sentences. 

Answer. The theory of dreams that says 'dreams are not meaningless' describes the dreams as a subjective interpretation of signals generated by the brain during sleep. During dreams the cognitive elements in our brain produce new ideas.

(13) Describe the theory of dreams that says 'dreams are not meaningless'. Explain in two sentences. 

Answer. According to this theory, dreams serve to clean up clutter from the mind. It is like clean-up operations in a computer and it refreshes the mind to prepare for the next day. 

(14) "The sound of the radio may be incorporated into the content of a dream." Describe the theory that is related to this example. 

Answer. The theory that is related to the example given in the question is that dreams are the result of our brains trying to interpret external stimuli during sleep.

(15) What is the contribution of Sigmund Freud's theory of dream to the popularity of dream Interpretation?

Answer. Sigmund Freud's theory of dream has a great contribution to the popularity of dream interpretation. Many theorists followed his paths and came up with their own ideas about dreams.

বঙ্গানুবাদ :

স্বপ্ন কি?

 স্বপ্ন হাজার হাজার বছর ধরে দার্শনিকদের মুগ্ধ করেছে, কিন্তু শুধুমাত্র সম্প্রতি স্বপ্ন ব্যবহারিক গবেষণা এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক অধ্যয়ন এর বিষয়বস্তুতে পরিণত হয়েছে। এরকম সম্ভাবনা আছে যে, তুমি প্রায়ই স্বপ্নের বিষয়বস্তু নিয়ে একটি বিভ্রান্তিকর অবস্থায় পড়ে যেতে পার, অথবা তুমি আদৌ স্বপ্ন দেখ কেন তা নিয়ে আশ্চর্য হয়ে যেতে পার। প্রথমত, একটি মৌলিক প্রশ্নের উত্তর দিয়ে শুরু করা যাকঃ স্বপ্ন কী? ঘুমের মধ্যে দেখা যে কোন ছবি, চিন্তা এবং আবেগ স্বপ্নের অন্তর্ভুক্ত হতে পারে । স্বপ্ন খুব প্রাণবন্ত বা খুব অস্পষ্ট হতে পারে; আনন্দদায়ক আবেগ বা ভীতিকর ছবিতে ভরা হতে পারে; নির্দিষ্টএবং বোধগম্য অথবা অস্পষ্ট এবং বিভ্রান্তিকর হতে পারে ।

কেন আমরা স্বপ্ন দেখি? স্বপ্ন কী উদ্দেশ্য সাধন করে?

স্বপ্নের কারণ এবং কার্যকারিতা নিয়ে অনেক তত্ত্ব প্রস্তাব করা হয়েছে, কিন্তু কোন ঐক্যমত্য পৌঁছানো যায়নি। যে সময়টা আমরাস্বপ্নের মধ্যে কাটাই তা বিবেচনা করলে এটা বিভ্রান্তিকর মনে হতে পারে যে, গবেষকরা এখনো স্বপ্নের উদ্দেশ্য বুঝতে পারছে না।যাইহোক, এটা বিবেচনা করা জরুরী যে, বিজ্ঞান এখনও ঘুমের সঠিক উদ্দেশ্য এবং কাজ উন্মোচন করার চেষ্টা করছে। কিছু গবেষকদের মতে, স্বপ্ন কোন প্রকৃত উদ্দেশ্য সাধন করে না, যেখানে অন্যরা বিশ্বাস করে যে মানসিক, আবেগিক এবং শারীরিক সুস্থতার জন্য স্বপ্ন দেখা অপরিহার্য।

এর পরে, সবচেয়ে বিশিষ্ট কিছু স্বপ্ন তত্ত্ব সম্পর্কে আরও জানা যাক মনঃসমীক্ষণ দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির সাথে সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ, সিগমুন্ড ফ্রয়েড এর স্বপ্ন তত্ত্ব নির্দেশ করে যে, স্বপ্ন হল অচেতন আকাঙ্ক্ষা, চিন্তাভাবনা ও প্রণোদনার একটি উপস্থাপনা। ফ্রয়েড এর মতে, মানুষ যেসব আক্রমনাত্মক এবং যৌন তাড়না দ্বারা পরিচালিত হয়, যেগুলোকে সে সচেতনভাবে দমন করে রাখে। যখন এসব চিন্তা সচেতনভাবে প্রকাশ না করা হয়, তারা স্বপ্নের মাধ্যমে আমাদের সচেতনতায় তাদের পথ খুঁজে নেয় । তার বিখ্যাত বই, ‘স্বপ্নের ব্যাখ্যায় (১৮৯৯) ফ্রয়েড লিখেছেন যে, স্বপ্ন হল... “অবদমিত ইচ্ছার ছদ্মবেশী পরিপূর্ণতা”।

ফ্রয়েড এর তত্ত্ব স্বপ্নের ব্যাখ্যার জনপ্রিয়তার ক্ষেত্রে অবদান রেখেছে। তার পথ অনুসরণ করে অনেক তাত্ত্বিক স্বপ্ন সম্পর্কে তাদের নিজস্ব ধারণা নিয়ে এসেছেন। পরবর্তীতে উল্লিখিত তত্ত্বগুলো তাদের মাত্র কয়েকটি:

* কিছু গবেষক বলেন যে, ঘুমের সময় মস্তিষ্ক দ্বারা উৎপন্ন সংকেতগুলোর একটি ব্যক্তি নির্ভর ব্যাখ্যা। স্বপ্ন অর্থহীন নয়। বরং,স্বপ্নের সময় আমাদের মস্তিষ্কের জ্ঞানগর্ভ উপাদান নতুন ধারনা উৎপাদন করে । 

* এক তত্ত্ব নির্দেশ করে যে, স্বপ্ন হল ঘুমের সময় আমাদের মস্তিষ্ক যে বহিরাগত উদ্দীপনার ব্যাখ্যা করার চেষ্টা করে তার ফলাফল । উদাহরণস্বরূপ, রেডিওর শব্দ একটি স্বপ্নের বিষয়বস্তু হিসাবে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হতে পারে।

 আরেকটি তত্ত্ব স্বপ্নের ব্যাখ্যার জন্য একটি কম্পিউটার রূপক ব্যবহার করে। এই তত্ত্ব অনুসারে, একটি কম্পিউটারের পরিষ্কারকরণ কাজের মতো স্বপ্ন মন থেকে জঞ্জাল ‘পরিষ্কার' করার কাজ করে যা মনকে সতেজ করে পরের দিনের জন্য প্রস্তুত রাখে।

* অন্য একটি মডেল প্রস্তাব করে যে, স্বপ্ন মনঃসমীক্ষনের একটি রূপ হিসাবে কাজ করে । এই তত্ত্ব অনুযায়ী, স্বপ্নদ্রষ্টা একটি নিরাপদ পরিবেশে বিভিন্ন চিন্তা এবং আবেগের মধ্যে সংযোগ সাধন করতে সক্ষম হয় ।

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